Hà Nội, May 2013
Hà Nội university of mining and geology
Advance program course 1st
A.Prof : Phạm Xuân Núi
Student: Vũ Thị Thanh
Kim Ngọc Thông

STEAM REFORMING PROCESS, UHDE AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY

Abstract
Steam reforming, sometimes called Fossil fuel reforming is a method for and synthesis or other useful products from fuels such as . This is achieved in a processing device called a reformer which reacts steam at high temperature with the fossil fuel. The steam is widely used in industry to make .
This study is about steam reforming process, technology and mechanism of catalyst. Furthermore it concerns about hydrogen production which employs membrane technology to improve quality of product.


Contents
Introduction……………………………………………………………………….2
Steam reforming process
2.1 Feedstock purification
2.1.1 Feedstock…………………………………………………….…….3
2.1.2 Feedstock purification ……………………………………………4
2.2 Steam reforming process and catalyst mechanism ………………………...6
3. Steam reforming through Uhde technology and membrane technology
3.1 Uhde technology……………………………………………………………10
3.2 Membrane technology…………………………………………………….....17
4. Conclusion…………………………………….……………………………………..22
5. References………………………………………………………….……………….23

Notation:
PSA: pressure swing adsorption
LNG: liquefied natural gas
CNG: natural
HDS: Hydrodesulfurization
HT: high temperature shift = high temperature water gas shift
WGS: water gas shift
OTM: oxygen transport membrane
HTM: hydrogen transport membrane
ITM: ion transport membrane

Introduction
Steam reforming is the key process in the formation of synthesis gas (syngas) for ammonia, methanol, hydrogen and hydrogen/carbon monoxide production.
The reformer is the largest and most expensive piece of equipment on these plants, and efficient and reliable operation is the key to the performance of the whole plant. The choice of steam reforming catalyst is extremely important and has a significant effect on the reformer and performance. Choosing the correct catalyst has a direct impact on plant rate, tube life, methane slip and the formation of carbon, which can have a significant and detrimental impact on the reformer performance and operation.
Industrial production of hydrogen is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive methods like the of 9Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being processing (e.g., ) and production, mostly for the fertilizer market.
Synthesis gas from steam reforming process such synthesis gas is shifted using mature water gas shift reactor technology to generate additional hydrogen and convert carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Hydrogen is subsequently separated from the gas stream. Currently, this separation is accomplished through the use of mature pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology which operates near its theoretical limit. The residual gas from this separation can be recycled or combusted. The synthesis gas can also be converted into hydrocarbons and oxygenates for upgrading to liquid transportation fuels, or reformable fuels to produce hydrogen for fuel cell applications.

2. Steam reforming process
Steam reforming largely owes its importance to the extensive, and relatively inexpensive, amounts of methane that are available world-wide. It is the first step in several very important large scale chemical processes that used hydrogen. Steam reforming produces synthesis gas (also called syngas), a mixture of H2, CO and (CO2) that is used directly for the synthesis of methanol or higher alcohols, and for synthesis fuels in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Alternatively, in the water gas shift reaction, the reducing capacity of CO can be employed to convert more steam into hydrogen.
2.1 Feedstock purification
2.1.1 Feedstock
Feedstock includes natural gas or naphtha. 
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide.[1]
Table1. Typical composition of natural gas from the North Sea [11]

Component
CH4
C2H6
C3H6
C4+
CO2
N2
S

Vol.%
94.9
3.8
0.2
0.1
0.2
0.8
4 ppm


Natural gas is found in deep underground natural rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in and as . is also another resource found in proximity to and with natural gas. Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is created by organisms in , , , and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material23
Before natural gas can be used as a fuel, it must undergo to remove impurities, including water, to meet the specifications of marketable natural gas. The by-products of processing include , , , , and higher molecular weight , (which may be converted into a