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Advanced solutions for paraffins isomerization
Advanced solutions for paraffins isomerization
RON of hydocarbone isomers
Isomerization Reactions
Isomerization is a reversible and slightly exothermic reaction:
n-paraffin i-paraffin
The conversion to iso-paraffin is not complete;
It does not depend on pressure;
But it can be increased by lowring the temperature;
However operating at low temperatures will decrease the reaction rate;
 For this reason a very active catalyst must be used.
Isomerization Catalysts
Comparison of operating conditions of isomerization
Isomerization mechanism
Process scheme of isomerization unit (UOP)
Process scheme of isomerization step one using Al2O3-Cl catalyst
Process scheme of isomerization products return using Al2O3-Cl catalyst
Process scheme of isomerization products separation by molecular sieve adsorber used Al2O3-Cl catalyst
Process scheme of isomerization products separation by molecular sieve adsorber used Al2O3-Cl catalyst
Hydroisomerization of heptane: mechanistic aspects and industrial challenges
RON numbers of heptane isomers
Mechanism of acid-catalyzed isomerization
Monomolecular mechanism
Mechanism of acid-catalyzed isomerization of n-heptane
Possible and “forbidden” rearrandements of the s-butyl cation
Beta – scission of a carbenium ion
Monomolecular mechanism of type A and type B isomerization
Bimolecular mechanism
Relation between isomerization and cracking
Mechanism relation between hydroisomerization and hydrocracking
The competition for isomerization and cracking in bimolecular pathways
Acid catalyzed hydroisomerization of n-heptane on bifunctional catalyst
Shape selective concepts for n-heptane conversion: reactant (top), product shape (middle) and transition state (bottom) selective
Technical and economical evaluation of a zeolite membrane based heptane hydroisomerization process
Kinetic diameter, Boiling point and RON of heptane isomers
Heptane hydroisomerization process flow scheme